Early detection of dementia really can change lives. The earlier changes in thinking are recognized, the earlier families can plan, get help, and even identify treatable conditions that present as dementia. Let’s take a closer look at the most reliable tools and techniques for detecting dementia early and how they align with current healthcare protocols.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
The MoCA is a favorite for a reason. It’s fast, simple to administer, and particularly effective at catching mild cognitive impairment—sometimes even before others notice it. The test is for memory, attention, language, and spatial ability, with a maximum of 30. A score of less than 26 can indicate some impairment. It’s administered globally and is available in dozens of languages, with versions for individuals with vision or hearing loss. Although it’s objective and available for non-profit purposes, some training is necessary for healthcare professionals to effectively employ it. Factors such as stress, fatigue, or the educational level of a person can influence scores, so it’s best used as part of a more comprehensive assessment.
Mini-Cog
If you’re in a hurry, use the Mini-Cog. It takes only three minutes and incorporates a brief memory test with a minimal clock-drawing assessment. It’s perfect for a busy clinic or community health environment and can be administered by individuals with little training. It won’t provide a complete picture, but it can speedily identify individuals who may need a more thorough examination.
Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) Exam
The SLUMS test is another valuable instrument, particularly useful to identify early dementia or mild cognitive impairment. It has 11 items that test memory, orientation, and even basic arithmetic. The maximum score is 30, and 27 or higher is normal. It’s especially useful for individuals who have experienced head injuries and is more sensitive than other screeners in certain situations.
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog)
When a more serious assessment is required—typically after a diagnosis—the ADAS-Cog is a commonly relied-on option. It tests memory, orientation, language, and the ability to follow instructions. With 70 as the highest score, greater scores indicate greater cognitive impairment. It’s commonly utilized in clinical studies to assess how someone’s condition fluctuates with time, but it does need professional training to administer appropriately.
Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ)
The SPMSQ is a good choice when time and resources are not sufficient. It’s a ten-item test that tests basic knowledge, such as the date, names of well-known figures, and arithmetic. It doesn’t involve writing and takes little time to mark. The number of mistakes informs doctors if mental impairment can be mild, moderate, or serious.
Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
Occasionally, what appears to be dementia may be delirium, particularly in older adults. CAM makes it easier for healthcare professionals to differentiate. It’s not something that is administered as a test, but an instrument that facilitates the evaluation of sudden alterations in alertness, attention, and cognition. If symptoms develop abruptly and change during the day, delirium may be the explanation, and that can often be treated if detected early.
Aside from Testing: Imaging, Biomarkers, and Genetics
Cognitive tests are only the start. With advancements in technology and science, physicians now have even more methods to identify changes in the brain.
MRI and PET Scans: MRI scans produce close-up images of the brain’s structure and can indicate shrinkage or damage. PET scans take it a step further by demonstrating how the brain is functioning and can identify markers of Alzheimer’s, such as amyloid plaques or tau tangles.
Biomarker Testing: New tests are able to quantify proteins such as amyloid beta and tau in spinal fluid or even blood. Dr. Randall J. Bateman of Washington University says that a new blood test is able to pick up on s-related changes with the same reliability as brain scans or spinal taps, sometimes before symptoms arise.
Genetic Testing: Although some genes raise the risk of developing Alzheimer’s, genetic testing is not routinely done. It’s only usually considered when symptoms begin earlier in life or when there’s a strong family history. Even so, tests are not a guarantee of whether an individual will get the disease.
Bringing Cognitive Checks Into Regular Care
Medicare now covers cognitive screening in its Annual Wellness Visit. This provides physicians an opportunity to monitor memory, thought, and daily function annually. They can also speak with family members or utilize brief screening instruments. If an issue arises, a return visit can center on a complete assessment and care plan. This approach can identify not only dementia but also such conditions as depression or anxiety that impact thought.
What It Means for Families
Early screening instruments such as the MoCA, Mini-Cog, SLUMS, and others make it simpler than ever to identify symptoms of dementia. Coupled with imaging, laboratory testing, and regular follow-ups with medical professionals, these instruments provide families with the clarity they require to plan, seek support, and discuss treatment. The sooner the process starts, the brighter and more manageable the outlook.